Meanwhile, debate has raged about what this all means for corporations, and how they balance their responsibilities to shareholders and to the public. It's vital to create a financial system in which Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors into shareholder value, as much as acquisitions or sales. Without transparency and robust public reporting, how will we know about the ESG factors faced by a company, and make decisions about where to invest our dollars accordingly?

The more that companies make regulatory or reputational risks they face transparent through data and metrics, the more that investors are empowered to vote with their feet on their values and make long-term, values-aligned sustainable investment decisions. With good ESG data, metrics and standards, people can move their capital with precision and thereby shape the world.

Strong, robust, and transparent reporting, particularly on climate and tax, can drive a triple dividend for the climate by increasing investment, boosting regional engagement and working towards net zero.

First, investment. In Australia, total assets overseen by ethical investment funds on behalf of Australian investors are worth over a trillion dollars, accounting for 40 cents of every professionally managed dollar. While investments in renewable energy in Australia are going from strength to strength, there is still significant progress to make on our renewable energy targets. In 2023, investments in utility scale batteries soared to $4.9 billion - more than twice as much as the previous year.

Our government has announced a significant expansion of the Capacity Investment Scheme to underwrite investment in renewable and dispatchable capacity. By improving transparency and getting the settings right, then we can drive investment in the technologies required for the climate transition, at the scale required.

The key is to motivate investors to commit to opportunities that help us transition to a clean and fair future, at home and in our region. We want to ensure investors can be confident about the ESG characteristics of their investments. To do this, we need strong and clear reporting frameworks in climate and tax.

On climate, we have proposed steps to introduce mandatory climate-related financial disclosures, to develop an Australian sustainable finance taxonomy which provides a common set of definitions for sustainable economic activities, and to introduce a sovereign green bond program.

The second dividend is greater engagement. Transparent frameworks can bring together countries in the region to tackle shared challenges and meet common goals, working towards our commitment to reach net zero by 2050. Last year, we released Invested: Australia's Southeast Asia Economic Strategy to 2040, which includes a recommendation focused on expanded work with Southeast Asian partners on high-quality and interoperable sustainable finance classifications and climate-related disclosure rules. Ensuring interoperability with Australia's emerging standards will ensure investors and businesses do not face new barriers in the region. The Melbourne Declaration resulting from the most recent ASEAN-Australia special summit was clear in recognising the significance of the net zero transition and committed to deepening business engagement on the green economy.

The third dividend is making sure that investments flow through to change. This is to ensure that investments are made in the corporations that are actively limiting global temperature rises and recognising the impact of rolling climate disasters on their business.

It is vital that Australia acts to create sustainable finance system, not just because we will feel the impact at home, but because our region is at the forefront of these changes too and we share the impacts together. By improving transparency through better public reporting on climate-related disclosure and sustainable finance classifications, investors better understand negative externalities, and how seriously climate change will impact companies. In turn, they can make robust and well-informed investment choices, at home and in our region. At scale, this amounts to significant progress towards net zero as capital follows values-informed choices.

And by ensuring that companies improve the transparency of their tax information, investors can assess how companies are directing their efforts - whether they are focused on minimising or avoiding tax or focused on their purpose and innovation. If it is the latter, it is much clearer how they are contributing to society by growing quality jobs, boosting productivity, and paying their fair share toward essential public services and programs which work towards a greener, fairer future.

When faced with "grand" social, economic, and environmental challenges in the past, investors have voted with their feet. And past crises have also given rise to how we measure the impacts of companies and their risks. The 1929 Wall Street Crash was followed by the creation of standardised accounting practices by regulators, and after the Global Financial Crisis, measures were put in place to improve bank risk reporting and exposure.

Today, the world stands at the crossroads of opportunity and crisis. We face rising temperatures, and a race against the clock to achieve net zero. And yet we also have one of the greatest investment opportunities of a generation: a profound chance for socio-economic and environmental transformation. It is vital that we continue to make climate and tax risks transparent so we can harness these opportunities. Measuring, standardising and harmonising data to understand risks and inform decisions will lead to a cleaner and fairer future, for Australia and for our region.